In Queen Victoria’s reign, England reigned as the world’s undisputed superpower. London, its beating heart, pulsed with the energy of a thriving metropolis.

Magnificent palaces and towering structures stood as a testament to the wealth amassed from a vast colonial empire.

However, beneath this glittering facade lay a stark reality. Poverty gnawed at the city’s underbelly, a harsh contrast to the opulence above.

Revealing this intricate world are these extraordinary colorized photographs.

They take us beyond the confines of black and white, offering a rare peek into life at the end of the 19th century and the turn of the 20th century.

From the iconic, newly constructed Tower Bridge to the grim struggles within London’s slums, these images capture the full spectrum of Victorian life, flaws and all, including everyday street scenes and the lives of regular people.

This establishment was frequented by convicts and “ticket-of-leave” men, who were recently released from jail and given a “ticket” as proof of their trustworthiness, for food and sometimes shelter.

In the 19th century, London underwent a transformation, becoming the world’s largest city and the capital of the British Empire.

The population skyrocketed from just over 1 million in 1801 to 5.567 million in 1891.

By 1897, the population of “Greater London” (including the Metropolitan Police District and the City of London) was estimated at 6.292 million.

By the 1860s, London’s population was a quarter larger than Beijing, two-thirds larger than Paris, and five times larger than New York City.

This street seller, known as a coster, uses a donkey to get around, 1890s.

In contrast to the conspicuous wealth of the cities of London and Westminster, there was a huge underclass of desperately poor Londoners within a short range of the more affluent areas.

The author George W. M. Reynolds commented on the vast wealth disparities and misery of London’s poorest in 1844:

“The most unbounded wealth is the neighbor of the most hideous poverty…the crumbs which fall from the tables of the rich would appear delicious viands to starving millions, and yet these millions obtain them not!

In that city there are in all five prominent buildings: the church, in which the pious pray; the gin-palace, to which the wretched poor resort to drown their sorrows…

…the pawn-broker’s, where miserable creatures pledge their raiment, and their children’s raiment, even unto the last rag, to obtain the means of purchasing food, and – alas! too often – intoxicating drink

…the prison, where the victims of a vitiated condition of society expiate the crimes to which they have been drive by starvation and despair; and the workhouse, to which the destitute, the aged, and the friendless hasten to lay down their aching heads – and die!”

“Caney,” pictured here, was a beloved clown in Victorian London until a vein burst in his leg. After that, he turned to mending chairs for a living. However, he would still occasionally perform on the street when he felt up to it.

The East End of London, with its economy centered around the Docklands and the polluting industries clustered along the Thames and the River Lea, had always been a hub for the working poor.

However, by the late 19th century, it had gained a particularly notorious reputation for crime, overcrowding, severe poverty, and debauchery.

The 1881 census recorded over 1 million inhabitants in the East End, with a third of them living in poverty.

Omnibuses like this one were a popular mode of transportation in Victorian London, with some even featuring a second deck.

In his 1903 account “The People of the Abyss,” American author Jack London described the astonishment of Londoners when he mentioned his plan to visit the East End: many had never been there despite living in the same city.

When he visited the travel agency of Thomas Cook & Son, he was refused a guide and instead told to consult the police.

When he finally found a reluctant cabbie to take him into Stepney, he described his impression as follows:

“Nowhere in the streets of London may one escape the sight of abject poverty, while five minutes’ walk from almost any point will bring one to a slum; but the region my hansom was now penetrating was one unending slum.

The streets were filled with a new and different race of people, short of stature, and of wretched or beer-sodden appearance.

We rolled along through miles of bricks and squalor, and from each cross street and alley flashed long vistas of bricks and misery.

Here and there lurched a drunken man or woman, and the air was obscene with sounds of jangling and squabbling.”

Flower sellers near Covent Garden in London.

Laborers at Covent Garden, selling flowers.

Nicknamed “crawlers” for constantly moving between shelters, homeless folks like this woman were a common sight in Victorian London. This woman is pictured with her young son.

Street vendors are seen selling “fancy” goods.

Traffic outside the Bank of England and the Royal Exchange in the financial district of London, 1896.

Men wearing top hats gather to purchase fish in St. Giles, an impoverished area in London’s West End. This young seller purchased a barrel of fish for 25 shillings. He sells large fish for a penny and smaller fish for a halfpenny.

The dustmen of London would go from door to door, collecting “dust,” which was the ash and soot that had built up from household fires.

This photo from Clapham Common shows ginger beer makers and “mush fakers.” Back in Victorian London, people loved ginger beer, especially after a night out. And the “mush fakers” were the umbrella experts, selling and fixing them for London’s rainy days.

A young girl named Hookey Alf waits outside a London pub, hoping to find work with coal merchants.

A horse and cart traveling down Ludgate Hill in London in 1897.

A young shoe-shiner at work.

Italian street musicians perform in public.

A London boardman is seen distributing flyers, a job that was often looked down upon during the Victorian era.

Tower Bridge spans the River Thames in London and was completed in 1894. Its unique feature is a drawbridge that can be raised to accommodate larger ships passing underneath.

A London cab driver sits on his hansom cab, engaged in conversation with a man on the street.

A caravan at an encampment near Latimer Road, Notting Hill, London.

A London slum family is pictured with all their belongings strewn on the street after being evicted from their home in 1901.

Effigies are pulled through the street in anticipation of Guy Fawkes Night on November 5th.

Two women and a child at a secondhand clothing shop in St. Giles.

Women talk outside a secondhand shop in London.

A street photographer snaps a family photo at Clapham Common

Public disinfectors work to sanitize the streets after an outbreak of smallpox.

Members of the British Army stand outside a public house in Westminster, looking for potential recruits.

Women eating dinner at a workhouse in St. Pancras, London, 1900

Crowds gather around a shellfish stand, eager to purchase oysters and whelks.

Three men and one young boy gather around a shoeshine stand.

A fruit vendor with a cart pulled by a donkey.

Two men are seen working on posting advertisements. The man on the left is preparing a poster for Madame Tussauds wax museum.

Poor children of the Stepney slum in the East End of London.

A street doctor sells new cough drops. His sign reads: “Prevention Better Cure: Try Our New Cough Preventative Peppermints.”

A locksmith at work at his street stall.

A chimney sweep and his assistant are pictured here. In 19th-century London, boys as young as four years old were frequently employed as unpaid helpers to chimney sweeps.

Slum children of London, 1895.

A sign writer sits in his studio, working on a new sign, 1890s.

People gather outside of a rag shop in Lambeth, London after the River Thames overflowed and flooded the street.

During the Victorian era, water carts like these would roam the streets on hot, dry days, sprinkling water to reduce dust. Children would often chase after the carts for a refreshing cooldown.

Two men working on a barge on the River Thames, 1877.

(Photo credit: Victorian London Street Life in Historic Photographs by John Thomson, Adolphe Smith 1994 / Colorized via DeepAI / Wikimedia Commons).